Ultrassonografia modo B e Doppler na avaliação renal de cães submetidos à tomografia computadorizada após administração intravenosa de diferentes meios de contraste iodado / B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in the renal evaluation of dogs undergoing computed tomography after intravenous administration of different iodinated contrast media

A nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) é uma doença de caráter agudo, secundária à administração intravascular de meios de contraste iodado (MCI). Dentre os mecanismos fisiopatológicos desta enfermidade destacam-se a vasoconstrição intrarrenal prolongada, consequente redução da perfusão renal, hipóxia e isquemia medulares, associada ao dano tubular renal devido à citotoxicidade do contraste. Frente à existência de poucas informações relacionadas a estes mecanismos na literatura médico-veterinária, objetivaram-se comparar os efeitos renais da administração intravenosa de MCI não iônicos de diferentes osmolaridades, em grupos de cães com fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da NIC, por meio das avaliações ultrassonográficas modo B, Doppler colorido, de amplitude e pulsado, pareada aos exames laboratoriais, a fim de estimar indiretamente o potencial nefrotóxico de cada contraste. Constituíram-se dois grupos de acordo com o MCI utilizado: o grupo GIH [11 cães receberam iohexol (baixa osmolaridade)] e o grupo GID [sete cães receberam iodixanol (isosmolar)]. Administrou-se a dose de 600mgI/kg/IV em ambos. Avaliaram-se os seguintes aspectos renais antes da administração do MCI (momento basal) e após 1h30min, 24 horas e 48 horas: morfometria (comprimento e volume), morfologia, ecogenicidade cortical e perfusão renais e resistência vascular intrarrenal (índices hemodinâmicos de resistividade e pulsatilidade). Realizou-se ainda exame de urina e se mensuraram as razões gama-glutamil transferase:creatinina (GGT:C) e proteína:creatinina (RPC) urinárias e a concentração sérica de creatinina. Os grupos apresentaram comportamentos similares para comprimento, volume, RPC, exame de urina e creatinina sérica. Em relação ao índice de pulsatilidade (IP), os grupos apresentaram comportamentos não similares, mas sem diferenças significantes entre o momento basal e os demais. Para o índice de resistividade (IR) e a razão GGT:C urinária, os grupos revelaram comportamentos não similares e se constataram aumentos significantes do IR e da razão GGT:C urinária no período de 1h30min após a administração do contraste, somente para o grupo que recebeu iohexol. Concluiu-se que o IR pode ser utilizado para monitorar a hemodinâmica intrarrenal, visto que junto com a razão GGT:C urinária, demonstrou a existência de maior potencial nefrotóxico do iohexol, quando comparado ao iodixanol. Dessa forma, considera-se o uso do iodixanol, opção favorável para cães com fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da NIC.(AU)

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an acute disease, secondary to intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media (ICM). The most important mechanisms of this nephropathy are intrarenal prolonged vasoconstriction, medular hypoxia, and ischemia associated with renal tubular damage due to contrast cytotoxicity. Owing to the limited information available in veterinary literature regarding these mechanisms this study aims to compare the renal effects of intravenous administration of two nonionic ICM of different osmolarities in groups of dogs with risk factors for CIN development, by using a B-mode, color, power- and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography, and other laboratory tests, in order to indirectly estimate the nephrotoxic potential of each contrast. The following two groups were established according to the nonionic ICM used: the GIH group [11 dogs administered iohexol (low osmolarity)] and the GID group [seven dogs administered iodixanol (iso-osmolarity)]. Both the groups were administered the same dose (600mgI/kg/IV). The following renal aspects were evaluated before administration of ICM (baseline) and after 1h30min, 24h, and 48h: renal morphometry (length and volume), renal morphology, cortical echogenicity, renal perfusion, and intrarenal vascular resistance (resistive and pulsatility indices); in addition, urinalysis was performed, and urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase:creatinine ratio (GGT:C), urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC), and serum creatinine were also measured. Both groups showed similar characteristics with respect to the length, volume, UPC ratio, urinalysis, and serum creatinine levels. No similarity was observed with respect to the pulsatility index (PI) in both the groups and there were no significant differences between baseline and 1h30min, 24h and 48h time points. With respect to the IR and urinary GGT:C, both groups showed no similarity, and significant increases were observed in the resistive index (RI) and urinary GGT:C only in the GIH group, 1h30min after contrast administration. In conclusion, RI can be used to monitor intrarenal hemodynamics, and along with the urinary GGT:C, revealed that iohexol had higher nephrotoxic potential than iodixanol. Thus, iodixanol is considered a favorable option for dogs with risk factors for CIN development.(AU)

Adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media: a prospective study.

Background: Adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media may be classified as general and organ-specific, such as contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. General adverse reactions may be sub classified into acute and delayed types. Acute general adverse reactions can range from transient minor reactions to life-threatening severe reactions. This study was done to determine clinical adverse effects of the iodinated contrast media. Methods: Data of 899 consecutive patients at C.U. Shah Medical College and Hospital, Surendranagar, who received sodium meglumine diatrizoate intravenous iodinated contrast media during the period of May 2011 to April 2012, were collected for any adverse drug reactions. Results: Out of 899, 189 patients developed adverse contrast reactions. The incidences of mild, moderate and severe adverse reactions were 19.47%, 1.33% and 0.28%, respectively. There were no differences in the incidence of adverse reactions according to gender (males 21.1%; females 20.7%; p= >0.05) or age (p= >0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly higher in patients with a history of previous reactions (50%) than in those with no history (21.25%; p= <0.05). Conclusions: The skin was the most commonly affected site of reactions. In reactions, mild forms were more common compared to moderate and severe.